How Psychogenetics &
Nutrigenomics Began
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Reward Deficiency Solutions Systems
- Find out if you or your children have a genetic predisposition to RDS
- How to eliminate negative RDS behaviors; Stress, Craving, Depression or Anxiety
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Nutrigenomic Solutions
There have been various companies emerge in the chase to define genes and nutrition. First, there is a difference between terms that are often times used interchangeably. Like pharmacogenetics uses genetic information to choose or dose medications versus pharmacogenomics which uses pharmaceuticals to change genetic information, there is a similar difference between "nutrigenetics" and "nutrigenomics".
Nutrigenetics has been defined as the science of identifying and characterizing gene variants associated with differential responses to nutrients, and relating this variation to disease states. (Mutch D, et al. (2005) FASEB Journal 19:1602-1616.) Others have said nutrigenetics examines the effect of genetic variation on the interaction between diet and exercise. This includes... gene variants associated with, or responsible for, differential responses to nutrients. (Ordovas J & Mooser M. (2004) Current Opinion in Lipidology,15:101-108.) Coming from a perspective of years of research and practical experience implementing pharmacogenetic technologies which are nutrigenetics' analogue, nutrigenetics can be simply defined as using genetic information to choose nutrients or to guide the serving size of nutrients. It is a form of decision-making using genetic information. Nutrigenomics has been defined as the use of functional genomic tools to probe a biological system following a nutritional stimulus that will permit an increased understanding of how nutritional molecules affect metabolic pathways and homeostatic control (Mutch D, et al. (2005) FASEB Journal 19:1602-1616.) Others have said nutrigenomics focuses on the effect of nutrients on the genome, proteome, and metabolome (Ordovas J & Mooser M. (2004) Current Opinion in Lipidology,15:101-108). Simply put, nutrigenomics is a genetic result of a nutrient's use. It is the genetic "effect" of the nutrient and nutrigenetics is the genetic "cause" of the decision to use a nutrient.
With the emergence of this new field of science, there have been some early commercial players. Even though RDSolutions entry into this market is not a "first-mover" commercially, our research efforts long precede these earlier commercial enterprises and it shows in their approach. For the purposes of this paper, we will refer to the overall field as "nutrigenomics", as most of these companies claim to be so, though they do not fit into the very simple and accurate definitions aforementioned.
There are some Nutrigenomic companies that only utilized gene information to 'qualify' a person for standardized diets, dietary supplements, or nutritional guidelines. Other companies use this information to identify an ingredient which changes that gene's expression or explains its mechanism of action. Thus, the gene becomes the target of a specific standard ingredient with a defined mechanism of action. Thus the gene is used to identify an ingredients mechanism of action.
These previous approaches are dated in their approach and there is a paucity of data to actually support their science. RDSolutions, on the other hand, is a very different approach. Compared to the "one-size-fits-all" approach of "qualification" or "identification," RDSolutions employs an approach of using genetic information to customize nutrients and their amounts to actually deliver a physiological change in the person by changing the genetic activity. The approach offered by RDSolutions is "customization." RDSolutions uses genetic information to customize the mechanism of action from a single ingredient or set of ingredients to deliver a treatment outcome. RDSolutions core technology is protected in U.S. Patents. Long before these other commercial enterprises were even incorporated, RDSolutions scientists were researching, conducting studies, and publishing data to deliver on the promise of nutrigenomics.
Upregulation vs. Downregulation
The primary difference between the "Nutrigenomic" products and "Pharmacogenomics" is up and down regulation. Up regulation is where there is a natural increase of the cellular component or physiological function. Down regulation is the process by which a cell decreases the quantity of a cellular component or physiological function.
RDSolutions "nutrigenomic" products assist the body to up regulate their natural supply of Dopamine to normal levels without excess, thus avoiding negative side-effects. When pharmaceutical medications are utilized they slow down or stop the natural cellular production or physiological function while increasing negative side effects. This is the reason why the "Dopamine Agonist" in RDSolutions Synaptose is over-the-counter (OTC) safe.
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Reward Deficiency Syndrome and Neuro BioEnergy Solutions |
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June 27, 2010
Lloyd I. Sederer, MD
Dr. Lloyd Sederer of New York City serves as Medical Director of the New York State Office of Mental ...
Posted: February 1, 2010 12:20 PM
Can Electrically Stimulating The Brain Improve Mental Health?
So many people think that ECT (electroconvulsive therapy, sometimes erroneously called "shock therapy") is the only way to apply electrical stimulation to the brain as a treatment. Not so. In fact, there are a variety of proven and promising electrical (or magnetic) techniques that affect the brain -- from those with virtually no side effects, nor an invasive procedure, to those that are surgical in nature.
Why consider applying a current to the brain? Primarily to offer an alternative to psychopharmacological (medication) treatments. We need different yet safe and effective ways of improving mood and anxiety disorders or reducing insomnia and stress.
Medications affect levels of neurotransmitters, or chemicals such as serotonin, norepinephrine or dopamine, naturally present in the brain (within or between nerve cells) known to affect how we feel, think and act. Electrical stimulation and magnetic fields induce currents that change the way that brain cells, called neurons, fire. In other words, medications work on molecules and brain stimulation works on cells. Brain stimulation, notably, has no known interaction or effect on medications a person may be taking, unlike most other treatments we have. Neuroscientists and psychiatrists have been searching for alternatives to pills for centuries because too many individuals do not fully respond or have side effects and medical complications from the medications so far developed.
Interest in electrically stimulating the brain dates back to the 1930s when Italian scientists developed a means of inducing a brain seizure by applying an intense electric current to the scalp - which we now call ECT. While ECT remains an important treatment today for those individuals whose condition, especially severe depression, does not respond to medication and therapy -- it does require anaesthesia, produces at least short-term memory problems, frightens many people, is costly and is often transitory in its effects. Hence, the search for alternative means of improving brain functioning in people with psychiatric disorders.
Remarkably, over 60 years ago (1949) scientists in the (then) Soviet Union began applying a very low voltage alternating current to stimulate the brain, CES or cranial electrical stimulation, which they called "electrosleep" to treat insomnia (cranial refers to the skull or cranium, where the electrical leads are placed and the scalp stimulated). This treatment does not deliver any where near the electrical current needed to induce seizures. The repertoire of brain stimulation techniques grew in the mid-1980s when magnetic fields were applied around the cranium to stimulate the brain, a technique knows as TMS, or transcranial magnetic stimulation. More recently, brain stimulation has been done surgically by deep brain stimulation (DBS) and vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), which were first used for neurological conditions such as epilepsy and Parkinson's disease, then adapted for psychiatric conditions. Of all the brain stimulation procedures available recent interest has been greatest about CES and TMS.
CES, cranial electrical stimulation, applies a weak, alternating current to the scalp usually by leads placed on a person's temples or earlobes. CES has had FDA approval for over 30 years as a device (grandfathered-in, or approved without specific study) to treat depression, anxiety, insomnia and stress; it has also been used to aid in long term abstinence in people with alcohol and drug dependence. The current is of micro-voltage (ECT has 1000-fold more current), can hardly be felt, has little or no side-effects, or evident harm. While there are many testimonials to its benefits we lack rigorous study of its therapeutic effectiveness. CES devices can be purchased over the internet and a variety of companies will sell you one, with a medical prescription, which you can apply to yourself at home. CES is quite safe but its benefits remain to be scientifically established...
Mental illnesses are highly prevalent, cause great suffering in those affected and their loved ones, and can produce disability and heavy financial burden to families and society. As a result, we are on a continuous quest to discover new, safe, effective and acceptable treatments for people with illnesses such as depression, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and psychotic illnesses (such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder). In addition, safe and affordable interventions for distressing symptoms like insomnia, stress, and low or anxious mood that do not reach the proportions of a mental disorder are needed. While medications tend to get the most press when it comes to treatments for mental conditions they are but one approach.
We know that psychotherapy works, especially structured forms of therapy like cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy and desensitization techniques; we know that alternative forms of treatment like acupuncture, meditation, yoga, homeopathy, and forms of eastern body work (shiatsu and sugi massage) can be helpful in disease states and everyday suffering; and we have means of brain stimulation that work or show promise.
Knowing what works for whom at what point in the course of illness is the science and art of psychiatric medicine. A diverse set of therapeutics is essential since no one treatment works for everyone, nor meets the important preferences that individuals bring to the therapeutic encounter. The more diverse the alternatives the better the chance that each person will find something that relieves their suffering and enables the functioning we all want to have a life lived with others and of contribution.
The opinions expressed herein are solely my own as a psychiatrist and public health advocate.
Lloyd I Sederer, MD
New Paradigm in Cranial Electrical Treatments
Abstract:
The following data represents the pre to post EEG differences of an alcoholic in protracted abstinence. This subject was evaluated both before and after using a new paradigm in CES treatment (NeuroElectricAdaptaTreatment- NEAT12) . The pre post comparisons suggest that the cortical potentials are up regulated after using the device which shows a decrease in the electrophysiological correlates of OCD, anxiety, impulsivity, and cravings in addicted populations.
Introduction:
Abundant research has established that an electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded from a healthy, normally functioning human has a predictable distribution of electrical power (measured in micro-volts squared), just as does the electrocardiogram, or EKG. The predictable electrical signals recorded by the EEG, distinctive for each brain region, are regulated by the homeostasis of a complex neuroanatomical brain system that utilizes all known neurotransmitters. Just as the EKG can be used to assess heart dysfunctions, the EEG can assess a wide variety of brain dysfunctions related to developmental, neurological and psychiatric disorders, whether caused by structural or functional abnormalities. Such assessment is called EEG Analysis.
Procedure:
Nineteen electrodes using an electro-cap consistent with the International 10/20 systems were placed. Routine EEG was recorded on a Cadwell Easy II using a linked ear montage and with electrodes digitally referenced to the Cz electrode allowing for retrospective montage analysis of all data. Using data gathered under technical conditions as listed above, 59.99 seconds of EEG were selected and subjected to quantitative analysis of absolute power, relative power, power asymmetry and coherence. These measurements are logarithmically transformed and referenced to age-adjusted population norms.
Findings:
Frequency band magnitude (uV) topographies of the EC condition are presented below.
Maps of EEG power spectra for bandranges
Fragment: , Offset: 0.00 s, Length: 59.99 s, Number of epochs 1.
The absolute power changes represented in the above images shows a decrease of more than 2 SD as noted in the delta wave spectrum. Also noted is an overall cortical increase in the alpha spectrum. The resting alert state of a neurotypical population is most prominently marked by a regulation of 7.5-11 Hz alpha throughout the cortex. The decreased in delta and theta suggests an up regulation of the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate gyrus. A presence of dominant slow waves through the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate gyrus is often associated with OCD, Anxiety, and impulsivity. To validate these findings a percentage change in microvolts squared was performed as presented by the below data.
Frequency band normalized power (% uV2) topographies for the EC condition are presented below.
Maps of EEG power spectra for bandranges
Fragment: , Offset: 0.00 s, Length: 59.99 s, Number of epochs 1.
The percentage of relative power change is congruent with the previous findings noting a 25% decrease in prefrontal delta and an increase in cortical potential marked by the prefrontal increase in activity throughout the theta and alpha spectrum. The overall alpha increase of 15-25% suggests an up regulation in post synaptic potentials noting that the brain has a more power to self regulate. In comparison to the aforementioned absolute power ranges these findings support the use of the CES technology in ameliorating the electrophysiological correlates of obsessive compulsion, anxiety, impulsivity, and cravings in addicted populations.
Publication pending
Synaptic Connection 2010
Cranial Electrical Stimulation - FAQ
Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) is used in the treatment of anxiety, depression, insomnia, and drug addiction; via a low intensity electrical microcurrent.[1] CES is an alternative to drugs, which attempt to affect the brain via chemical processes. In the United States, CES equipment must be prescribed by a licensed independent provider (i.e., medical psychologist, nurse practitioner, physician or physicians assistant).
Because of an early focus upon sleeping disorders, CES was originally known as electrosleep therapy. CES is sometimes written "Cranial-Electro Stimulation," "NeuroElectric Therapy," and "Transcranial Electrotherapy."
How CES Works:
Research conducted in the 20th century has demonstrated that the brain makes use of electrical activity; thus, one can affect mental functions by affecting the organ's electrical activity.
During CES, an electric current is focused upon the hypothalamic region; during this process, CES electrodes are placed behind the ear at the mastoid, or clipped to the upper portion of the earlobe, near to the face. CES treatment promotes an increase in endorphins; note, scientists remain unsure why this occurs. The current results in an increase of the brain's levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, and a decrease in its level of cortisol. When CES is effective, users are in an "alert, yet relaxed" state, characterized by alpha brain waves.
History:
"Electrotherapy" has been in use for at least 2000 years, as shown by the clinical literature of the early Romanphysician, Scribonius Largus, who wrote in the Compositiones Medicae of 46 AD that his patients should stand on a live black torpedo fish for the relief of a variety of medical conditions, including gout and headaches. Claudius Galen (131 - 201 AD) also recommended using the shocks from the electrical fish for medical therapies.
Modern research into low intensity electrical stimulation of the brain was begun by Leduc and Rouxeau in France (1902); in 1949, the Soviet Union expanded research of CES to include the treatment of anxiety as well as sleeping disorders.
In the 1960s and 1970s, it was common for physicians and researchers to place electrodes on the eyes, thinking that any other electrode site would not be able to penetrate the cranium. It was later found that placing electrodes behind the earlobes was far more convenient, and quite effective.
New Competing Devices:
Electrical devices in psychiatry have not caught on until recently. With the strong arm of the prescription medicine industry backing medication, and the stigma of electrical devices for use on the brain (which many relate to electroconvulsive therapy ) companies that developed such devices had a difficult time receiving financial support for needed research. Now that public sentiment is beginning to change new electrical devices are emerging for the treatment of psychological disorders such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and vagus nerve stimulation. These devices may prove to be effective, however, the makers of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation devices have been experimenting and using electrical devices for years to treat millions of patients.
Effectiveness:
Most users report a decrease in anxiety during treatment, and many other report a decrease in anxiety as much as two days later. Some users report a euphoric feeling; they report that their bodies feel "lighter", their thinking is clearer, and that they are more creative.
A minority of users require five to ten treatments to achieve any effect.
The FDA has cleared several CES units to be marketed for the treatment of anxiety, depression, and insomnia.
Complications:
There have been no major complications or negative effects associated with CES. Users who feel discomfort while using CES suffer no long-term difficulties. Temporary side effects may include a headache, lightheadedness, or skin irritation at the electrode site. Also, rarely paradoxical reactions may occur including excitement, anxiety, sleep problems, or increases in pre-existing depression.[2]
References:
1. http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Electrosleep_treatment
2. Kirsch, DL. A practical protocol for electromedical treatment of pain: cranial electrotherapy stimulation. In: Kirsch, DL, ed. 6th ed. Pain Management: A Practical Guide for Clinicians. Boca Raton, FL: Greenwood Press; 2002: 1-6.
3. Jones, E. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation: A Non-Drug Neuromedical Treatment. GNIF Brain Blogger. December, 2006.
Further reading
* Ambrus, O., & Jedlickova, A. (1980). Comparison of active and placebo effects of electrosleep: Cesko-Slovenska Psychiatrie Vol 76(3) Jun 1980, 172-175.
* Coursey, R. D., Frankel, B. L., Gaarder, K. R., & Mott, D. E. (1980). A comparison of relaxation techniques with electrosleep therapy for chronic, sleep-onset insomnia: A sleep-EEG study: Biofeedback & Self Regulation Vol 5(1) Mar 1980, 57-73.
* Demotes-Mainard, J., Philip, P., Jalfre, M., & Vincent, J. D. (1990). Cerebral electrotherapy for hypnotic drug withdrawal: L'Encephale Vol 16(4) Jul-Aug 1990, 265-267.
* Gibson, T. H. (1983). A comparison of the efficacy of relaxation training and electrosleep therapies as short term treatments of generalized anxiety: Dissertation Abstracts International.
* Gomez, E., & Mikhail, A. R. (1979). Treatment of methadone withdrawal with cerebral electrotherapy (electrosleep): British Journal of Psychiatry Vol 134 Jan 1979, 111-113.
* Grunner, O. (1978). Application of magnetic and electromagnetic fields in insomnia: Waking & Sleeping Vol 2(4) Dec 1978, 217-222.
* Haslam, M. T. (1989). Electrosleep and stress relief: Stress Medicine Vol 5(3) Jul-Sep 1989, 177-181.
* Paris, D. E. (1987). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (electrosleep): A psychophysiological evaluation: Dissertation Abstracts International.
* Photiades, D. P. (1980). A review of some papers on electrosleep therapy in psychiatry: African Journal of Psychiatry Vol 6(1-2) Jan-Apr 1980, 31-34.
* Ryan, J. J. (1976). Transcerebral electrotherapy effects on mood disturbance in psychiatric patients according to suggestibility level: Dissertation Abstracts International.
* Ryan, J. J., & Souheaver, G. T. (1977). The role of sleep in electrosleep therapy for anxiety: Diseases of the Nervous System Vol 38(7) Jul 1977, 515-517.
* Schmitt, R., Capo, T., Frazier, H., & Boren, D. (1984). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation treatment of cognitive brain dysfunction in chemical dependence: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Vol 45(2) Feb 1984, 60-63.
* Snodgrass, R. W. (1977). Cerebral electrostimulation (electrosleep), alcoholism and personal discomfort: Dissertation Abstracts International.
* von Richthofen, C. L., & Mellor, C. S. (1979). Cerebral electrotherapy: Methodological problems in assessing its therapeutic effectiveness: Psychological Bulletin Vol 86(6) Nov 1979, 1264-1271.
* von Richthofen, C. L., & Mellor, C. S. (1980). Electrosleep therapy: A controlled study of its effects in anxiety neurosis: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie Vol 25(3) Apr 1980, 213-219.
Retrieved from "http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Electrosleep_treatment"
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Reward Deficiency Solutions Systems
- Find out if you or your children have a genetic predisposition to RDS
- How to eliminate negative RDS behaviors; Stress, Craving, Depression or Anxiety
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Dr. Blum and Dr. Waite advocated a non-specific "healthy diet" and non-specific regular exercise to accompany a regimen of taking SynaptoseTM, the nutrigenomic neuroadaptogen they developed based on Dr. Blum's many years of research to increase the endogenous production of Dopamine and reduce negative Reward Deficiency Syndrome behaviors. The scientific evidence they have thus far accumulated, they say, demonstrates that SynaptoseTM changes the plasticity of the brain synapses while balancing the endogenous neurotransmitters, positively affecting the Brain Reward Cascade.
